정치경제학과 과세의 원리에 대하여

ON

THE PRINCIPLES

OF

POLITICAL ECONOMY,

AND

TAXATION.

BY DAVID RICARDO, Esq.

LONDON:

JOHN MURRAY, ALBEMARLE-STREET

1817.

J. M^{c}CREERY. Printer,

Black Horse Court, London.

PREFACE.

The produce of the earth--all that is derived from its surface by the united application of labour, machinery, and capital, is divided among three classes of the community; namely, the proprietor of the land, the owner of the stock or capital necessary for its cultivation, and the labourers by whose industry it is cultivated.

But in different stages of society, the proportions of the whole produce of the earth which will be allotted to each of these classes, under the names of rent, profit, and wages, will be essentially different; depending mainly on the actual fertility of the soil, on the accumulation of capital and population, and on the skill, ingenuity, and instruments employed in agriculture.

To determine the laws which regulate this distribution, is the principal problem in Political Economy: much as the science has been improved by the writings of Turgot, Stuart, Smith, Say, Sismondi, and others, they afford very little satisfactory information respecting the natural course of rent, profit, and wages.

In 1815, Mr. Malthus in his "Inquiry into the Nature and Progress of Rent," and a Fellow of University College, Oxford, in his "Essay on the Application of Capital to Land," presented to the world, nearly at the same moment, the true doctrine of rent; without a knowledge of which it is impossible to understand the effect of the progress of wealth on profits and wages, or to trace satisfactorily the influence of taxation on different classes of the community, particularly when the commodities taxed are the productions immediately derived from the surface of the earth. Adam Smith, and the other able writers to whom I have alluded, not having viewed correctly the principles of rent, have, it appears to me, overlooked many important truths, which can only be discovered after the subject of rent is thoroughly understood.

To supply this deficiency, abilities are required of a far superior cast to any possessed by the writer of the following pages; yet after having given to this subject his best consideration--after the aid which he has derived from the works of the above-mentioned eminent writers--and after the valuable experience which a few late years, abounding in facts, have yielded to the present generation--it will not, he trusts, be deemed presumptuous in him to state his opinions on the laws of profits and wages, and on the operation of taxes. If the principles which he deems correct should be found to be so, it will be for others more able than himself to trace them to all their important consequences.

The writer, in combating received opinions, has found it necessary to advert more particularly to those passages in the writings of Adam Smith from which he sees reason to differ; but he hopes it will not on that account be suspected that he does not, in common with all those who acknowledge the importance of the science of Political Economy, participate in the admiration which the profound work of this celebrated author so justly excites.

The same remark may be applied to the excellent works of M. Say, who not only was the first, or among the first, of continental writers, who justly appreciated and applied the principles of Smith, and who has done more than all other continental writers taken together, to recommend the principles of that enlightened and beneficial system to the nations of Europe; but who has succeeded in placing the science in a more logical, and more instructive order; and has enriched it by several discussions, original, accurate, and profound.[1] The respect, however, which the author entertains for the writings of this gentleman, has not prevented him from commenting with that freedom which he thinks the interests of science require, on such passages of the "Economie Politique," as appeared at variance with his own ideas.

CONTENTS.

CHAP. Page

I. _On Value_ 1

II. _On Rent_ 49

III. _On the Rent of Mines_ 77

IV. _On Natural and Market Price_ 82

V. _On Wages_ 90

V*. _On Profits_ 116

VI. _On Foreign Trade_ 146

VII. _On Taxes_ 186

VIII. _Taxes on Raw Produce_ 194

VIII*. _Taxes on Rent_ 221

IX. _Tithes_ 225

X. _Land-Tax_ 232

XI. _Taxes on Gold_ 247

XII. _Taxes on Houses_ 262

XIII. _Taxes on Profits_ 269

XIV. _Taxes on Wages_ 285

XV. _Taxes on other Commodities than Raw Produce_ 330

XVI. _Poor Rates_ 354

XVII. _On Sudden Changes in the Channels of Trade_ 363

XVIII. _Value and Riches, their Distinctive Properties_ 377

XIX. _Effects of Accumulation on Profits and Interest_ 398

XX. _Bounties on Exportation, and Prohibitions of Importation_ 417

XXI. _On Bounties on Production_ 449

XXII. _Doctrine of Adam Smith concerning the Rent of Land_ 458

XXIII. _On Colonial Trade_ 476

XXIV. _On Gross and Net Revenue_ 491

XXV. _On Currency and Banks_ 499

XXVI. _On the comparative Value of Gold, Corn, and Labour, in Rich and in Poor Countries_ 527

XXVII. _Taxes paid by the Producer_ 538

XXVIII. _On the Influence of Demand and Supply on Prices_ 542

XXIX. _Mr. Malthus's Opinions on Rent_ 549